Red and Crimson Dye Derived from Cochineal Insects
The Cochineal insect is a small parasitic sap-loving insect that feeds primarily upon the sap of certain cacti. These insects are “sessile” which means they are unable to move about. The live as a ‘bump’ or ‘pearl’ upon the plant (also called a ‘scale.’)
These insects and their related cousins live in different location around the globe, from South America and Mexico to Eurasia. A type of Cochineal insect can be found in Poland and was the source of the coveted crimson red fabric dye, but the introduction of Mexican cochineal in the 16th century made harvesting the local variety not as lucrative due to the labor intensive harvesting required. A great many insects must be processed to produce any useful amount of the highly prized red dye extract. It requires about 70,000 or more dried cochineal insects to produce just one pound of dye.
The insect as a defense against predation produces carminic acid which is the substance extracted and mixed with either aluminum or calcium salts to produce “cochineal” (carmine dye.) Carmine is still used today for food coloring and in some cosmetics although other sources have replaced its use. Because of sensitive skin and allergic reaction concerns to some modern and synthetic ingredients in cosmetics and food coloring, research is reexamining the use of insect-derived carmine as a potential non-allergic non-irritant colorant again. In the past, other uses of the crimson dye were for coloring fibers (yucca, woolen and other animal fibre, etc.) that would later be woven into rugs, made into other textiles, and for painting and decoration of household items like pottery. The cochineal dye set more firmly and brilliantly to fibres than other dyes then in use, which added to its allure.
There are main forms of Cochineal dye; the “cochineal extract” which is a coloring agent made directly from the dried and pulverized bodies of harvest insect, and “carmine” which is modified Cochineal dye. The latter is boiled in either ammonia or a solution of sodium carbonate and filtered. Alum is added which causes red aluminum salts to precipitate out of solution. Various other shades of color can be derived from carmine by the addition of various acids or alkalies. Colors such as orange, scarlet and purple can be created by tweaking the various ingredients added in different stages of the process of refining. Purple is especially coveted by royalty of the times for its rarity.
Mexico was the major producer of this dye by the labor of the Oaxaca natives and this became the second most valuable Mexican export after silver.
Demand for this product increased and it was after the conquest of the Aztec Empire by Spain that the product was traded openly as a commodity. It became so valuable and highly sought that the dye was even listed on both the London and Amsterdam Commodity Exchange based upon demand and supply.
The British ‘Red Coat’ Color is Derived of the Cochineal Insect Dye.
The Cochineal Insects
Although these sessile insects look like little pearly-white dots attached to the cactus pad, the insects themselves are of a dark purple color. The nymphs exude a white waxy substance (scale) which acts as a protection from the hot sunlight as well and perhaps mainly to prevent water-loss, and it affixes them to the cactus pad itself except where their pincher-like mouths bite into and drink the juices of the host cactus. The hatched nymphs feed upon the sap and juices of the cactus until maturity, and the males upon maturity lose the ability to feed and they die short after mating. Typically, only the females are ever seen due to this and probably other factors that favor the female which greatly outnumber the male. The females don’t even have wings. Only the males have wings, and are much smaller than the female.
Attempts in the late 1700s to farm the Cochineal insects in Australia failed, but the cactus that was also imported as their host flourished and eventually overran parts of eastern Australia. In turn, these invasive floras were brought under control by the introduction of yet another non-native species, the South American Moth ‘Cactoblastis cactorum.’ As you might guess from the suggestive Latin nomenclature, they (the larvae) eat cactus.
Cochineal dyes although ‘natural’ do have contraindications; some people have had allergic reactions to this colorant which is labeled as “E120” on the products ingredients. Cochineal dye and extract has been shown to cause mild hives, asthma in some people to greater dangers such as atrial fibrillation, anaphylactic shock in a very small number of people. Vegetarian and Vegan consumers do not use products that contain cochineal dye because of the harm (death) to the insects in order to produce the product. Some religious sects declare cochineal dye forbidden as well, while other religious groups such as the Jewish religion consider it allowed because the insect in reduced to a powder to extract the necessary color. This is deemed not to be the same as ‘consuming’ or using the insect directly, an act which would be considered to be non-Kosher (un-clean.)
Use of carmine colorant is extensive. It can be found in alcoholic drinks in the form of calcium carmine, it is in meat and sausages (only if so labeled in the U.S can meats legally have ‘colorants’ added,) marinades, pie filling colorant, jams, gelatin, and some dairy products such as some forms of cheeses, cookies and cake mixes, more. According to source, Coca-Cola revealed in 2009 that the colorant ‘natural dye carmine’ is obtained from dried cochineal source. Yes, the color used comes from the insects also.
No Conchineal Insects were harmed in the writing of the article
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